These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." Harvey: It is frustrating, and if you talk about a story with no end, I think the important thing to remember is that it isn't just the patients who went through this, it was their families. . Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. The guilt of her baby's deadly staph infection stayed with her, and when she became pregnant with her second, and the CBC says she went into Cameron's care in February of 1960. He clearly had his mind set on doing unorthodox research long before the Agency front started to fund him. [38], Cameron died of a heart attack while hiking with his son in the Adirondack Mountains on September 8, 1967. And there some of them were high risk ones. Cameron became the first director of the Allan Memorial Institute as well as the first chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at McGill. [39], Social and intrapsychic behaviour analysis, Cameron and Freud: civilization and discontents. Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. Shes a member of SAAGA, or Survivors Allied Against Government Abuse. Or answer questions about his motivations, whether or not he knew he was part of the CIAs mind control efforts. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. Cameron Cemetery. He reported that "the subject's very identity had begun to disintegrate," and that's when someone should, ya know, stop. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." [28] His work was inspired and paralleled by the psychiatrist William Sargant, who was also involved with the intelligence services and experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage. in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. He first solved the problem by wiring the speakers into football helmets and locking them onto patients' heads, but that ended up being not ideal. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. And he has a much different memory of how it all went down. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. The victims and their lawyers want us to remember that this story isnt over. [33] The son of one of Cameron's patients noted in a memoir that other than Ed Broadbent and Svend Robinson, no Canadian MP brought up the issue in the House of Parliament. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. Duncan: You see, he doesn't have a scowl. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. He has an open, amused look on his face. Death: June 18, 1958 (52) Immediate Family: Son of Sir Ewen Allan Cameron and Rachel Margaret Cameron. Duncan: Well, I think that I would feel sad about that. Duncan: He loved hiking. Jean Steel was another one of Cameron's patients, and like the others she didn't sign up to be a part of MKUltra, depatterning, or psychic driving at all. That was the case for people like Phyllis Goldberg. He was always interested in the future. And I think you have, as much as love that you had for him you also had respect for him. The psychiatric community could have questioned his methods, but they remained silent. He never got one. [34], Naomi Klein states in her book The Shock Doctrine that Cameron's research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' And how his work lives on. The legacy can be seen in the torture techniques employed in Northern Ireland and in Guantanamo Bay. Instead of being considered for the fellowship, the neurologist was admitted to his Allan Memorial Institute, diagnosed with schizophrenia, and given such a heavy dose of barbiturates that it triggered an allergic reaction and she suffered from a prolonged loss of oxygen to the brain. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Ben: The main takeaway here is Duncan admitting that he did remove documents pertaining to specific patients, before giving his dads papers to the archives. Cameron's concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority. Ben: But Duncan is still, in some ways, trying to defend his dads honor. He died of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the Adirondacks in 1967. Duncan: Well, I didnt destroy the documents. Amory: What was your father like as a dad? It is a rare thing that a psychiatrist of his worldwide reputation and capacity should be a resource available to a small mountain community. . Kinzer: Later on, it became the basis for manuals that the CIA provided in the 1980s to police forces in Latin America that were known to practice torture. That right there is getting into some shady territory, but the promise of a $10,000 grant the equivalent of just over $100,000 today had to be pretty tempting. Duncan: We all very much wished, as we always had, that my father was alive because he would have had to deal with that issue and would have dealt with it quite effectively. Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. 100, Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. 101, Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10, "Society of Biological Psychiatry 65th Annual Meeting Program Book (p. 14)", "World Psychiatric Association Chronology", "Current Comment: Psychiatric Examination of Rudolf Hess", The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control, "Doctor Looked After the Sick, And Looked Around for the CIA", "A History of Secret CIA Mind Control Research", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron", Stunning tale of brainwashing, the CIA and an unsuspecting Scots researcher, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Ewen_Cameron&oldid=1139756014, A passive man who "is afraid to say what he really thinks" and "will stand anything, and stands for nothing". Or do you remember any of --. Ben: The study also said that these treatments, the de-patterning and psychic driving programs including LSD injections, induced comas, sensory deprivation and electroshock had a detrimental impact on patients memories, which, in retrospect, might have been part of the point. Sign up and be the first to find out the latest news and articles about what's going on in the medical field. Amory: Were bringing you the last installment of our special series: Madness The secret mission for mind control and the people who paid the price. Rauh: --Well, I will put it another way. I mean his father was a very prominent psychiatrist, so destroying rather than preserving personal papers of someone of that prominence is a very unusual thing, especially for a family member to have done. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. In Cameron, the CIA had a psychiatrist, conveniently outside the United States, who was willing to do terminal experiments in electroshock, sensory deprivation, drug testing, and all of the above combined. Cameron decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. She said she received 12 boxes of her husbands papers after he died, but that, quote, If I had these papers, I wouldnt necessarily let you see them. According to "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,"there was more to his work at the Allan Memorial Institute than just exploring the CIA's questions about brainwashing. We love making Endless Thread, and we want to be able to keep making it far into the future. Cameron began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated. Ewen passed away on month day 1915, at age 84 at death place. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. Amory: With the information we do have about Cameron, we know this: his so-called treatment didnt cure mental illness, and it didnt control peoples minds. We want to hear from you! "He was this miracle psychiatrist," she said. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. Cleghorn immediately ended Camerons program. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria, per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Were they *destroyed* or did you just take the patients name out? That could be heightened with various drugs, eventually was replaced by positive messages, and the so-called "psychic driving" would continue. But he has fond childhood memories of summers spent in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains, where his dads competitive nature led him again and again to the line of the horizon. He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. That was just something we wanted to get clarification on. Ben: OK. Fair. Amory: Jim Turner was one of two prosecutors on the case. [23][24] He is unrelated to another CIA psychiatrist, Alan S. Cameron, who helped pioneer psychological profiling of world leaders during the 1970s and was not associated with the behavioral modification research program. Now, a recent court decision has. You have been subscribed to WBUR Today. He died three years later. Thank you! [5], Cameron was involved in administering electroconvulsive therapy and experimental drugs, including poisons such as curare and hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, to patients and prisoners without their knowledge or informed consent. In the final installment ofMadness," we sit down with Duncan, and we explore the shocking ways his father's methods are still being used today. The transcript has been edited from our original script for clarity. Cameron would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. And these are pictures of him, these are both in the Adirondack Mountains. And the funeral was yet another opportunity for Marian and her siblings to learn more about the mother who had been absent for so much of their childhoods. The psychological experimentation project, known as MK Ultra, was allegedly funded by the Canadian government and the United States Central Intelligence Agency. sister. Some of this work took place in the context of the Project MKUltra program for the developing of mind control and torture techniques, psychoactive poisons, and behavior modification systems. Patients would be subjected to messages repeated hundreds of thousands of times, as they were kept in their coma for up to a month. But the government agency backing his experiments at the Allan did find a way to make use of his methods. More about the Cameron family name; Sponsored by Ancestry. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement. If I put you through this program, within 24 hours to 48 hours you'll be in a diagnosable psychotic state. It's not clear how many patients Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments destroyed, but some families have come forward with stories of what was done to their loved ones. He was a person who was always looking for a way of advancing the field. He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. Ewen Cameron made the hike with Duncans younger brother, James. By literally wiping the minds of his subjects clean by depatterning and then trying to program in new behavior, Cameron carried the process known as brainwashing to its logical extreme., The dehumanizing nature of his methods were published in premier medical journals without any complaints from other psychiatrists; Cameron read papers about depatterning with electroshock before meetings of his fellow psychiatrists; and they rewarded him, electing him president of the American, Canadian, and World Psychiatric Associations. In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." Ben: Perhapsthis is Dr. Cameron's most enduring legacy. You know, my job was to look out for the cops. His response? Research genealogy for donald ewen Cameron of Melbourne, Victoria, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. We encourage you to research and examine these records . This is Part 5. AIan Cameron followed in the footsteps of his father and became a director at Panmure Gordon in 1957. Maybe the people responsible are waiting for all of us to forget. Duncan: I have no recollection whether there were any papers relating to any of the--. Ben: But there is reason to believe that these documents arent just missing. ", Why MKUltra's Top Brainwashing Scientist Was A Real-Life Nightmare, "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron. That's absolutely the stuff of a terrifying Netflix horror series, but it was very real and it destroyed an unknown number of lives. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". Results were telling: They became super sensitive to the sensory stimuli they did receive, and then, things started getting really weird. Cameron believed that mental illness was literally contagious that if one came into contact with someone with mental illness, one would begin to produce the symptoms of a mental disease. But none of us trained in psychiatry. Part of Camerons plan for his patients was to wipe their minds clean, to make them forget their past, so they could move forward. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. [13], In 1945, Cameron, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, money from John Wilson McConnell of the Montreal Star, and a gift of Sir Hugh Allan's mansion on Mount Royal, the Allan Memorial Institute for psychiatry was founded. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. After he left, his position as chair of the department of psychiatry was handed to Robert Cleghorn. Stephen Kinzer: In the end, Gottlieb was forced to conclude that there's no such thing as mind control and that everything he had done had been for naught. Not, at least, until well into 1965, months after they were told to end the experiments. Morrow's family got involved, and it was only at their insistence that she was transferred to another hospital. v USA, 1988] Tom Beauchamp, a leading American bioethicist was an expert witness for Camerons estate, arguing that Camerons treatment complied with the norm and practice of the day. He studied Medicine at the University of Glasgow and obtained his degree in 1924. . Dr. Ewen Cameron was an undeniably fascinating figure, and as horrible as his experiments were, the way people continued to talk about him was even more telling. For years, the patients of Dr. Ewen Cameron or, more accurately, the families of those patients have been trying to get compensation for the unthinkable experiments their loved ones were subjected to. Theres no clear approach to the summit only overgrown pathways. You talked a little bit about this but what was the impact on the family when some of this news started to come out about the CIA and some of the treatment and stuff like that? What Hebb and Cameron both have in common is their contribution in establishing the scientific foundation for CIAs two-stage psychological torture method. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. Police, hospitals, government, and schools would need to use the correct psychiatric authority to stop mental contagions from spreading. Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. She said that at the time, Cameron was something of a celebrity. He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. On March 10, Cameron's notes read: "She is disoriented as to time only and is probably in her second stage of depatterning. Jim: But again, you know, the deposition transcript, you're going to have to rely on that, like we did. The described types would have to be eliminated from society if there was to be peace and progress. North America. Ontario. In this manner, somatic causes could be compared. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. For Cameron, the traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural or personality forms would themselves be infected. And they haven't been super successful. That would have been the cultural environment in which people like Sidney Gottlieb grew up. Donald Hebb the psychiatrist who started the whole mess with his sensory deprivation experiments had even less kind things to say: "Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. Heads up that some elements (i.e. Rauh: So any documents that would show the treatment of the plaintiffs in this case were destroyed? And it was a great shock to everybody because he was 65 and in many ways, you know, going full throttle and at the top of his career. Did it work? Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. Some would bang their heads against the walls relentlessly, trying to get the helmets off and that's when he realized he could just put them back into a medically-induced coma and play the tapes for as long as he wanted. Ben: But we also asked about something else, that he was a little uncomfortable talking about: Orlikow vs. United States, the 1980s lawsuit that ended up giving $750,000 total to 8 of Camerons victims. He began his career as resident surgeon at Glasgow Infirmary, but in 1929 moved . And in a lot of ways, modern psychiatry has completely left behind the man who once dominated its ranks. His version was a continuous-loop cassette player that would deliver messages on repeat and it's even worse than it sounds. "[H]e was born in. Cameron focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. This personality type poses a danger to those closest to them, especially children. Canada's McGill University has owned up to the part it played in MKUltra's Sub-project 68, and they say that it really started before Dr. Ewen Cameron even got involved. The goal, says CBC, was to reduce the patient to what was called a "childlike state," with some people destroyed so completely that they could no longer walk, talk, or dress themselves Shoelaces? A possessive type, filled with jealousy and demanding utmost loyalty. (laughter). And when you get up to the top, its completely wooded, so theres no panoramic view after all the hard climbing. Sarah Anne Johnson: I imagine this is very difficult for his family. Despite the horrific abuse, the American and Canadian psychiatric establishment closed ranks. Duncan: I'm Duncan Cameron. They were destroyed. Although society had established sanctions against the spread of infectious diseases, Cameron wanted to extend the concept of contagion to chronic anxiety. Like Freud, Cameron maintained that the family was the nucleus of social behavior and anxieties later in life were spawned during childhood. If you want that too, we would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in any amount. Agnes was born in 1844, in Richmond Victoria Australia. . Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. On March 12, her records show she was considered "depatterned": She could no longer stand, speak, could barely swallow, was incontinent, and required treatment by an obstetrician for severe bleeding. John Marks: The Allan Memorial Institute under Cleghorn commissioned a study of his work, which is absolutely or almost absolutely unprecedented in the psychiatric field. Hij is getrouwd met (Niet openbaar), ze kregen 1 kind. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. There's Edgar Allan Poe stories and Sherlock Holmes stories. Family 9 - Donald CAMERON 34, wife Agnes 30, children John 18, Margaret 13, Ann 12, Donald 10, Christian 8, Alexander 6, Dugald 2, Duncan 1/2 (see Donald Cameron) Family 10 - Duncan CAMERON 30 unmarried, sister Mrs McLENNAN 28 and Catherine McLENNAN 5 In fact, he might have enjoyed those more. Did he ever talk about that? The insecure man "They are the driven crowds that makes the army of the authoritarian overlord; they are the stuffing of conservatism mediocrity is their god. Cameron began to base some of his notions on race, as is seen in his theories regarding the German people. The manual got updated in 1980, but the techniques that have come about including things like waterboarding and restraint in a "coffin-like wooden box" still harken back to that original research. To see some of the things that have happened are very upsetting. Dr. Morrow, says The Washington Post, had applied for a fellowship in psychiatry with Cameron. "[36], Cameron is the subject of Stephen Bennett's film Eminent Monsters (2020), which was funded by BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland. Amory: Just not in the way he might have hoped. Duncan: I started work at the State Department just a day or so before Kennedy was assassinated. Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man.. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. Not only was Ewen Cameron running the Allan Memorial, but he was leading psychiatric organizations, he was teaching at McGill University, and he was still seeing private patients. His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. Amory: In the early 60s, MK-ULTRA director Sidney Gottlieb took the so-called treatments Cameron used on his patients at the Allan and brought them back to the CIA. The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. It is true. So I think in a certain way they believed that what fiction writers could come up with, somebody could actually make real. Ben: The manual was all about how to obtain information from quote resistant sources. It went on to become the basis for the Phoenix Program during the Vietnam War. Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. A series of other research scandals in the 1960s resulted in stricter regulation of research practices and a more stringent code of ethics. Ben: But do you even though you had nothing to do with it do you have any feelings of sadness about those folks and what they've gone through? Thus, this group would have to be studied and controlled as a contagious social disease. You can see other fellow humans. Operating under the umbrella of MKUltra were as many as 162 sub-projects, with as many as 80 different organizations involved in research. As time has worn on, its become the families of those victims who shoulder the burden. Ironically, his lasting impact would be on how to destroy the human mind, not how to repair it. Hij is overleden in het jaar 2010 in Near Toulon, France. Ben: Duncan says his father was so busy that he didnt see much of him during their time in Montreal. This must be very difficult, very complicated for them. In 1938 he received his diploma in psychiatry and became professor of neurology, psychiatry at University at . Being compared to the Nazi's most notorious doctor probably isn't the life goal of most medical professionals, so let's look at what he did to deserve this dubious title. [25], Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. Her life was sad. Montreal's CTV says that by the time she died in 2011, she had spent the last 20 years of her life as an "infant," unable to allow anyone near her head without a terrible reaction. In his 1946 paper entitled "Frontiers of Social Psychiatry", he used the case of World War II Germany as an example where society poisoned the minds of citizens by creating a general anxiety or neurosis.[19]. Amory: Immortal Technique is rapping about it: Ben: But for those who have had to deal with the fallout of MK-ULTRA on a personal level, the fact that the program rarely gets discussed outside the realm of pop culture can feel discouraging. Cameron's work stopped when she gave birth, and Lloyd remembered a broken mother. Alison said that when her mother returned, it was no longer her mother. In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. She went from apartment to apartment, mental hospital to mental hospital. So what led the CIA to get onto this fantasy? Duncan: Not really, I certainly don't know anything about the treatments he was using, I didnt know anything about that. And one of these risks was the treatment that he was using. Duncan: Talking about him, it should be easy, but sometimes it's sort of emotional. He had a Mercedes. And I feel for them for that. Ben: Today we grapple with Dr. Ewen Camerons legacy. Ex-husband of Enid Agnes Maud Watson. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. Ben: Hebb did an interview with a film producer in the 1980s, saying, quote, Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. . Ben: Did you ever get a sense of at least some of the things that he was trying to accomplish while he was at the Allan? Duncan: It's really a very moving editorial. Amory: Theres a reason that all the photos of Ewen Cameron are from more than 50 years ago. Allan Cameron. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". About 55 families of victims who underwent medical experimentation in the 1950s and 1960s are suing for millions of dollars. Heres part of Duncans transcript: Duncan (from the transcript): I recall contacting the American Psychiatric Association and asking them if they would have an interest in holding his papers in their archives, and they expressed an interest in doing it. He never got one. So we dont have access to Cameron's thoughts on his own legacy. In 1963, the CIA published the Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation manual, and that's exactly what it sounds like guidelines on how to get people to talk. So why havent they? She was not staying in this little town. [10] There he met A. T. Mathers, Manitoba's principal psychiatrist, who convinced Cameron in 1929 to move to Brandon, the second largest city of Manitoba, Canada. And there some of his methods, but also to the summit only overgrown.. 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Only sick, but in 1929 moved the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man stopped she... Sensitive to the larger portion of the Cameron family name ; Sponsored by Ancestry of his father became... Out the latest news and articles about what 's going on in the torture techniques employed in Northern Ireland in. So what led the CIA to get clarification on the hike with Duncans brother... If you want that too, we would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in psychiatry and a. Was allegedly funded by the societal, cultural or personality forms would be! Be studied and controlled as a contagious social disease as a contagious disease... Primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and became professor of neurology, psychiatry at McGill closest...
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